BOOT_AMD64(8)

NAME
boot_amd64 - amd64 system bootstrapping procedures

DESCRIPTION

  Cold starts
The Athlon64 computers and clones will perform a POST (Power On Self Test) upon being booted cold. This test will find and initialize memory, keyboard, and other devices. It will search for and initialize any extension ROMs that are present, and then attempt to boot the operating system from an available boot drive.

The boot drive is usually specified in the BIOS setup.

  Warm starts
The BIOS loads the first block (at physical location: track 0, head 0, sector 1) off the boot device into memory, and if the last two bytes in the block match the signature 0xAA55, the BIOS considers the block a valid bootable drive. The BIOS then proceeds to call the machine code program in this block. If the BIOS is current, it will also pass the boot drive to the boot block in register %dl.

There are two different types of boot blocks on devices. There is the MBR (master boot record) and the PBR (partition boot record). A digression into a little piece of history will quickly give light as to why this is so. In the beginning, the PC “architecture” came with single or dual floppy drives, and no hard drives. The only type of bootable sectors on any device were the PBRs. They were responsible for loading the rest of the operating system from the correct device. When hard disks came out, it was felt that such a huge space should be able to be partitioned into separate drives, and this is when the MBR was invented.

The MBR relocates itself upon being loaded and invoked by the BIOS. Embedded within the MBR is a partition table, with four partition table entries. The MBR code traverses this table (which was loaded with the MBR by the BIOS), looking for an active entry, and then loads the MBR or PBR from the disk location specified by the partition table entry. So in reality, the MBR is nothing more than a fancy chaining PBR.

Note: The MBR could load another MBR, which is the case when you are booting off an extended partition. In other words, the first block of an extended partition is really an MBR, which will then load the corresponding MBR or PBR out of its extended partition's partition table.

  Geometry translation
WARNING: This portion of the “PC BIOS Architecture” is a mess, and a compatibility nightmare.

The PC BIOS has an API to manipulate any disk that the BIOS happens to support. This interface uses 10 bits to address the cylinder, 8 bits to address the head, and 6 bits to address the sector of a drive. This restricts any application using the BIOS to being able to address only 1024 cylinders, 256 heads, and 63 (since the sectors are 1 based) sectors on a disk. These limitations proved to be fine for roughly 3 years after the debut of hard disks on PC computers.

Many (if not all) newer drives have many more cylinders than the BIOS API can support, and likely more sectors per track as well. To allow the BIOS the ability of accessing these large drives, the BIOS would “re-map” the cylinder/head/sector of the real drive geometry into something that would allow the applications using the BIOS to access a larger portion of the drive, still using the restricted BIOS API.

The reason this has become a problem is that any modern OS will use its own drivers to access the disk drive, bypassing the BIOS completely. However, the MBR, PBR, and partition tables are all still written using the original BIOS access methods. This is for backwards compatibility to the original IBM PC!

So the gist of it is, the MBR, PBR, and partition table need to have BIOS geometry offsets and cylinder/head/sector values for them to be able to load any type of operating system. This geometry can, and likely will, change whenever you move a disk from machine to machine, or from controller to controller. They are controller and machine specific.

  Boot process options
On most OpenBSD systems, booting OpenBSD from the BIOS will load the OpenBSD-specific first-stage bootstrap, biosboot(8), which in turn will locate and load the second-stage bootstrap, boot(8). Other bootstrapping software may be used, and can chain-load the OpenBSD bootstrapping code, or directly load the kernel. In the latter case, refer to your bootloader documentation to know which options are available.

  Abnormal system termination
In case of system crashes, the kernel will usually enter the kernel debugger, ddb(4), unless it is not present in the kernel, or it is disabled via the ddb.panic sysctl. Upon leaving ddb, or if ddb was not entered, the kernel will halt the system if it was still in device configuration phase, or attempt a dump to the configured dump device, if possible. The crash dump will then be recovered by savecore(8) during the next multi-user boot cycle. It is also possible to force other behaviours from ddb.

FILES
/bsd
    default system kernel
/bsd.sp
    single processor capable kernel
/bsd.mp
    multiprocessor capable kernel
/bsd.rd
    standalone installation kernel, suitable for disaster recovery
/usr/mdec/mbr
    system MBR image
/usr/mdec/biosboot
    system primary stage bootstrap (PBR)
/usr/mdec/boot
    system second stage bootstrap (usually also installed as /boot)
/usr/mdec/pxeboot
    PXE bootstrap

SEE ALSO
ddb(4), biosboot(8), boot(8), halt(8), init(8), installboot(8), pxeboot(8), reboot(8), savecore(8), shutdown(8)

BUGS
The “PC BIOS Architecture” makes this process very prone to weird and wonderful interactions between different operating systems.

There is no published standard to the MBR and PBR, which makes coding these a nightmare.