INSTALLATION NOTES for OpenBSD/sparc 6.0 What is OpenBSD? ---------------- OpenBSD is a fully functional, multi-platform UN*X-like Operating System based on Berkeley Networking Release 2 (Net/2) and 4.4BSD-Lite. There are several operating systems in this family, but OpenBSD differentiates itself by putting security and correctness first. The OpenBSD team strives to achieve what is called a 'secure by default' status. This means that an OpenBSD user should feel safe that their newly installed machine will not be compromised. This 'secure by default' goal is achieved by taking a proactive stance on security. Since security flaws are essentially mistakes in design or implement- ation, the OpenBSD team puts as much importance on finding and fixing existing design flaws and implementation bugs as it does writing new code. This means that an OpenBSD system will not only be more secure, but it will be more stable. The source code for all critical system components has been checked for remote-access, local-access, denial- of-service, data destruction, and information-gathering problems. In addition to bug fixing, OpenBSD has integrated strong cryptography into the base system. A fully functional IPsec implementation is provided as well as support for common protocols such as SSL and SSH. Network filtering and monitoring tools such as packet filtering, NAT, and bridging are also standard, as well as several routing services, such as BGP and OSPF. For high performance demands, support for hardware cryptography has also been added to the base system. Because security is often seen as a tradeoff with usability, OpenBSD provides as many security options as possible to allow the user to enjoy secure computing without feeling burdened by it. Because OpenBSD is from Canada, the export of Cryptography pieces (such as OpenSSH and IPsec) to the world is not restricted. (NOTE: OpenBSD can not be re-exported from the US once it has entered the US. Because of this, take care NOT to get the distribution from a mirror server in the US if you are outside of Canada and the US.) A comprehensive list of the improvements brought by the 6.0 release is available on the web at http://www.OpenBSD.org/60.html. OpenBSD/sparc runs on 32 bit SPARC-based machines, including most of Sun Microsystems workstations and their clones. Sources of OpenBSD: ------------------- Please refer to http://www.openbsd.org/ftp.html for all the ways you may acquire OpenBSD. OpenBSD 6.0 Release Contents: ----------------------------- The OpenBSD 6.0 release is organized in the following way. In the .../6.0 directory, for each of the architectures having an OpenBSD 6.0 binary distribution, there is a sub-directory. The sparc-specific portion of the OpenBSD 6.0 release is found in the "sparc" subdirectory of the distribution. That subdirectory is laid out as follows: .../6.0/sparc/ INSTALL.sparc Installation notes; this file. SHA256 Output of the sum(1) program using the option -a sha256, usable for verification of the correctness of downloaded files. SHA256.sig The above file, signed with the OpenBSD signing key for the 6.0 release, usable for verification of the integrity of the above file, and thus of the downloaded files. miniroot60.fs A miniroot filesystem image to be used if you for some reason can't or don't want to use the ramdisk installation method. It can be copied to the swap partition of an existing OpenBSD, NetBSD, Linux, SunOS, or Solaris installation to allow installing or upgrading to OpenBSD 6.0. floppy60.fs The standard sparc boot and installation floppy; see below. *.tgz sparc binary distribution sets; see below. bsd A stock GENERIC sparc kernel which will be installed on your system during the install. bsd.rd A compressed RAMDISK kernel; the embedded filesystem contains the installation tools. Used for simple installation from a pre-existing system. install60.iso The sparc boot and installation CD-ROM image, which contains the base and X sets, so that install or upgrade can be done without network connectivity. cd60.iso A simple bootable filesystem image consisting of the bsd.rd installation kernel, suitable to be used as a bootable CD-ROM image, but will require the base and X sets be found via another media or network. installboot The OpenBSD/sparc boot loader installation program. bootxx The OpenBSD/sparc boot block. boot The OpenBSD/sparc secondary boot loader. boot.net The OpenBSD/sparc network boot loader. Please note that there are multiple bootable images and kernels, intended to allow installing OpenBSD/sparc in a variety of situations without requiring a pre-existing working operating system. The kernel and boot images are provided for net booting installations. While the OpenBSD bootblocks will work with the provided miniroot images, Sun bootblocks require a separate kernel image and root filesystem. Bootable installation/upgrade floppy image: The single floppy image can be copied to a floppy using rawrite.exe, ntrw.exe, or `dd', as described later in this document. The floppy image is a bootable install floppy which can be used both to install and to upgrade OpenBSD to the current version. It is also useful for maintenance and disaster recovery. The OpenBSD/sparc binary distribution sets contain the binaries which comprise the OpenBSD 6.0 release for sparc systems. There are eight binary distribution sets. The binary distribution sets can be found in the "sparc" subdirectory of the OpenBSD 6.0 distribution tree, and are as follows: base60 The OpenBSD/sparc 6.0 base binary distribution. You MUST install this distribution set. It contains the base OpenBSD utilities that are necessary for the system to run and be minimally functional. It includes shared library support, and excludes everything described below. [ 53.4 MB gzipped, 153.8 MB uncompressed ] comp60 The OpenBSD/sparc Compiler tools. All of the tools relating to C, C++ and Objective-C are supported. This set includes the system include files (/usr/include), the linker, the compiler tool chain, and the various system libraries (except the shared libraries, which are included as part of the base set). This set also includes the manual pages for all of the utilities it contains, as well as the system call and library manual pages. [ 40.9 MB gzipped, 126.3 MB uncompressed ] game60 This set includes the games and their manual pages. [ 2.5 MB gzipped, 5.8 MB uncompressed ] man60 This set includes all of the manual pages for the binaries and other software contained in the base set. Note that it does not include any of the manual pages that are included in the other sets. [ 8.7 MB gzipped, 34.2 MB uncompressed ] xbase60 This set includes the base X distribution. This includes programs, headers and libraries. [ 14.2 MB gzipped, 39.4 MB uncompressed ] xfont60 This set includes all of the X fonts. [ 38.0 MB gzipped, 49.7 MB uncompressed ] xserv60 This set includes all of the X servers. [ 5.7 MB gzipped, 14.7 MB uncompressed ] xshare60 This set includes all text files equivalent between all architectures. [ 4.3 MB gzipped, 24.5 MB uncompressed ] OpenBSD System Requirements and Supported Devices: -------------------------------------------------- OpenBSD/sparc 6.0 runs on the following classes of machines: * sun4: the VME series - 4/100: Original SPARC with VME. Many hardware bugs. - 4/200: A fairly decent VME-only machine - 4/300: a 25MHz VME machine with many devices built onto the main board. In other respects, it is quite similar to the SS1+. * sun4c: - SS1: the original 20MHz sun4c. Hardware limitations prevent SBus DMA peripherals from working in some of the slots. - SS1+: 25MHz version of the above. Hardware limitations prevent SBus DMA peripherals from working in some of the slots. - IPC: SS1+ in a cube, with bwtwo graphics builtin - SLC: SS1+ built into a B&W monitor - SS2: 40MHz version of the SS1 - IPX: SS2 in a cube, with cgsix graphics builtin - ELC: SS2-performance built into a B&W monitor * sun4e: - SPARCengine 1E: a 6U VME cross between a sun4 and a sun4c, similar to a Sun 4/300 with an OpenPROM interface. * sun4m: - 600MP: The original Sun4m machine. This is an mbus machine with SBus and VME busses. - LC: 50MHz MicroSPARC-1 based machines (aka Classic) - LX: LC with a few more devices - SS4: Reduced cost version of the SS5, available at 70MHz and 110MHz - SS5: MicroSPARC-2 based machines available in 60, 70, 85, and 110 MHz versions - SS5: TurboSPARC cpus in accelerated SS5 machines, running at 170MHz - SS10: Pizzabox mbus-based machine - SS20: Improved pizzabox mbus-based machine - Sun Voyager * As well as faithful clones of the above Sun systems, such as: - Aries Research Inc, Parrot II (SS2 clone) - Axil 243 and 245 (and possibly other models) (SS5 clones) - Axil 320 (SS20 clone) - CPU5V: VME card by Force Computer (sun4m) - DTKstation/Classic+ - Fujitsu S-4/Leia2 (MicroSPARC-2 laptop) - Goldstar GWS-40 (SS2 clone) - Opus 5000 (SS1 clone) - Opus 5250 (SS1 clone) - RDI,PowerLite: sun4m models, available in 50MHz, 85MHz, and 110MHz - RDI,BrigeLite - Solair WS19L (SS10 clone) - SPARCbook 3, 3GS, 3GX, 3TX and 3XP by Tadpole (MicroSPARC-2 laptops) - Tatung micro COMPstation 5 (SS5 clone) - Tatung micro COMPstation LX (LX clone) - Tatung TWS,SuperCOMPstation-20S (SS20 clone) - Transtec SS5/170 For sun4m machines, the following mbus CPU modules are supported: - SM30: 30 or 36 MHz SuperSPARC with no secondary cache - SM40: 40 MHz SuperSPARC with no secondary cache - SM41: 40 MHz SuperSPARC with 1MB of secondary cache - SM50: 50 MHz SuperSPARC with no secondary cache - SM51: 50 MHz SuperSPARC with 1MB of secondary cache - SM51-2: 50 MHz SuperSPARC with 2MB of secondary cache - SM61: 60 MHz SuperSPARC with 1MB of secondary cache - SM61-2: 60 MHz SuperSPARC with 2MB of secondary cache - SM71: 75 MHz SuperSPARC with 1MB of secondary cache - SM81: 85 MHz SuperSPARC with 1MB of secondary cache - SM81-2: 85 MHz SuperSPARC with 2MB of secondary cache - SM100: dual 40 MHz Cypress 7C601 with 64KB of primary cache - Ross HyperSPARC RT620/625 at 90 MHz, with 256KB of primary cache - Ross HyperSPARC RT620/625 at 125 MHz, with 256KB of primary cache - Ross HyperSPARC RT620/625 at 150 MHz, with 512KB of primary cache - Ross HyperSPARC RT620/625 at 166 MHz, with 512KB of primary cache - Ross HyperSPARC RT620/625 at 180 MHz, with 512KB of primary cache 24MB of RAM should be sufficient to boot and a minimal system can probably be squeezed onto a 250MB disk by installing only the `base' set. However, a minimum of 32MB is recommended for serious usage of the system. Note that until you have at least 32MB of RAM, getting more RAM is more important than getting a faster CPU board. Supported devices include: * Sun keyboard and mouse - Type 2, 3, 4, and 5 keyboards with several layouts * Floppy drives: - sun4c and sun4m floppy disk drive * Serial ports: - ttya and ttyb on-board serial ports (can be used as console if needed) - 4/300 ttyc and ttyd on-board serial ports - SBus magma serial port cards, including: 4Sp, 8Sp, 12Sp, 16Sp, LC2+1Sp, 2+1Sp, 4+1Sp, 8+2Sp, and 2+1HS Sp. - SBus Serial Parallel Interface (SUNW,spif, 501-1931) * Audio support: - on-board audio support for systems with AMD79C30 8-bit audio chips (this includes sun4c models, SPARCclassic, and 600MP) - SUNW,CS4231 16-bit audio chips found on SPARCstation 4/5 * Framebuffers: - SBus and sun4c/sun4m on-board video: + bwtwo - black and white + cgthree - 8-bit color, unaccelerated The cgthree driver also supports the cgRDI, an onboard cgthree-like framebuffer found in some laptops. + cgsix - 8-bit color, accelerated (GX, GX+, TGX, TGX+) This driver should also work with faithful emulations or clones of the SBus cgsix. + cgtwelve - 24-bit color, 1-bit overlay, accelerated (but the driver does not support hardware acceleration) + cgfourteen - 8/24-bit color, accelerated (but the driver does not support hardware acceleration) + Fujitsu AG-10e (agten) - 24-bit color, accelerated (currently only supported in 8-bit unaccelerated mode) + Parallax XVideo and PowerVideo (tvtwo) - 24-bit color, accelerated (but the driver does not support hardware acceleration) + RasterFlex series (rfx) - 8/24-bit color, accelerated (currently only supported in 8-bit unaccelerated mode) + Southland Media Systems MGX and MGXPlus (mgx) - 24-bit color, accelerated (currently only supported in 8-bit accelerated mode) + TCX - 8/24-bit color + Vigra VS10, VS11 and VS12 framebuffers (8-bit color, selectable VGA-compatible modes and connector) + Weitek Power9000 (pninek) framebuffer found in Tadpole SPARCbook 3 (8 bit accelerated) + Weitek Power9100 (pnozz) framebuffer found in Tadpole SPARCbook 3GS, 3GX, 3TX and 3XP (8, 16 or 32-bit accelerated) + ZX (aka Leo) - 8/24-bit color, overlay planes, double-buffered, 3-D acceleration - 4/200 on-board bwtwo - P4 video (4/100 and 4/300): + bwtwo - black and white + cgthree - 8-bit color, unaccelerated + cgfour - 8-bit color, 1-bit overlay, unaccelerated + cgsix - 8-bit color, accelerated + cgeight - 24-bit color, 1-bit overlay, unaccelerated - VME video (sun4): + cgtwo - 8-bit color, unaccelerated + cgthree - 8-bit color, unaccelerated + cgsix - 8-bit color, accelerated * Ethernet adapters: - on-board AMD Lance Ethernet (le) - SBus AMD Lance Ethernet cards (le) - SBus cards containing both AMD Lance le and esp SCSI (le) - on-board Intel 82586 Ethernet on 4/100 and 4/200 (ie) - VME Intel 82586 Ethernet cards (ie) - SBus 10/100Mbit qec+be found on Sun FastEthernet cards (SUNW,501-2450) (be) - SBus Quad 10/100Mbit qec+qe found on Sun Quad Ethernet cards (SUNW,501-2062) (qe) - SBus 10/100MBit hme Ethernet cards (hme) [*] - SBus 10/100MBit SunSwift SUNW,fas Ethernet+SCSI cards (hme) [*] - SBus Quad 10/100MBit hme and qfe Ethernet cards (hme) [*] [*] Not supported in sun4c and sun4e machines due to PROM limitations. * SCSI controllers: - on-board SCSI controller (sun4c, sun4e, sun4m, and 4/300) (esp) - SBus SCSI controllers (including 3rd party compatible boards) (esp) - SBus cards containing both AMD Lance le and esp SCSI (esp) - SBus SUNW,fas Ethernet+SCSI cards (esp) [*] - VME "SUN-3"/"si" SCSI controller (interrupt driven DMA) (si) - 4/110 "SCSI weird" on-board controller (polled DMA) (sw) - QSP/ISP SCSI controllers (i.e. "PTI,ptisp", "ptisp", "SUNW,isp" and "QLGC,isp") (isp) [*] Not supported in sun4c and sun4e machines due to PROM limitations. * SMD and other disk controllers: - Xylogics 7053 VME SMD disk controller (xd) - Xylogics 450/451 VME SMD disk controller (xy) * PC Cards (PCMCIA): - PCMCIA Controllers: + Sun SBus PCMCIA bridge (stp) + Tadpole PCMCIA controller (tslot) * Miscellaneous: - SBus Expansion Subsystem (SUNW,xbox) (xbox) - Force FGA5000 VME/SBus bridge (fga) - Force system configuration registers (scf) - Force flash memory (flash) - Tadpole microcontroller (power/system control) (tctrl) - Prestoserve NVRAM Sbus cards and NVSIMM (limited support) (presto) OpenBSD/sparc 6.0 does NOT run on these machines (yet): - Sun 4/400 Lacking support for the I/O cache, and related Ethernet problems. - sun4d -- SPARCcenter 2000, SPARCserver 1000 XDBus and multiprocessor support issues. - sun4u (UltraSPARCs) These machines are supported by the OpenBSD/sparc64 port. - clones that are significantly different from the Sun systems (e.g. K-Bus based Solbourne) The supplied GENERIC kernel is the best attempt at a configuration that works on the widest range of machines (sun4, sun4c, sun4e and sun4m). Verifying the OpenBSD Installation Media: ----------------------------------------- As of OpenBSD 5.5, installations are able to verify files for the next release. The OpenBSD 6.0 release was signed with the /etc/signify/openbsd-60-base.pub release key. If you have an existing OpenBSD 5.5 or higher installation, you can run signify(1) to verify the signature and checksum. For example, run the following to verify that the cd60.iso file was distributed by the OpenBSD team: signify -C -p /etc/signify/openbsd-60-base.pub -x SHA256.sig cd60.iso If you are unable to run or compile signify(1), use sha256(1) with the SHA256 file to see if a file was corrupt during the transfer. Getting the OpenBSD System onto Useful Media: --------------------------------------------- Installation is supported from several media types, including: CD-ROM FFS partitions HTTP Not all methods are supported on all SPARC Systems and some of them work only with the floppy or the miniroot installation. If you have the OpenBSD CD-ROM distribution (and a CD-ROM drive), you may be able to boot from it, or from the supplied bootable CD-ROM mini image. However, not all SPARC systems support booting from CD-ROM, and the current boot image is only known to work on sun4c and sun4m architecture workstations. If you can boot from the CD-ROM, you are home free and can proceed to the installation steps. If not, you will need to do some setup work to prepare a bootable image: either a floppy, hard drive, or compatible net boot server. In addition to the bootable image, you also need to consider how to access the binary distribution sets to actually install the system. Although you can access the distribution sets directly from the CD-ROM or from one of the OpenBSD mirrors over the internet, you may wish to transfer the sets to a local HTTP server, or copy them to a partition on the target system's disk. Creating a bootable CD-ROM: First you need to get access to the OpenBSD bootable CD-ROM (ISO) images. They can be found on one of the OpenBSD mirror servers. Two files are available, install60.iso which contains all of the sets needed for installation, and a smaller cd60.iso which contains just the installer, for a network install. Windows 7 users should be able to do this by right clicking on the install60.iso file and clicking burn to CD. OpenBSD users should be able to do this with the cdio command. "cdio tao install60.iso" Users of other operating systems should consult the appropriate documentation. Creating a bootable floppy disk using Windows: First you need to get access to the OpenBSD bootable floppy images. If you can access the distribution from the CD-ROM under DOS, you will find the bootable disks in the 6.0/sparc directory. Otherwise, you will have to download them from one of the OpenBSD mirror sites, using an FTP client or a web browser. In either case, take care to do "binary" transfers, since these are images files and any DOS cr/lf translations or Control-z EOF interpretations will result in corrupted transfers. You will also need to go to the "tools" directory and grab a copy of the ntrw.exe utility. Run it with the correct arguments like this "ntrw :" Note that, when installing, the boot floppy can be write-protected (i.e. read-only). Creating a bootable floppy disk using a Un*x-like system: First, you will need to obtain a local copy of the bootable filesystem image as described above. You should use the signify(1) and sha256(1) commands to verify the integrity of the images with the SHA256.sig file on the mirror site. Next, use the dd(1) utility to copy the file to the floppy drive. The command would likely be, under OpenBSD: dd if=floppy60.fs of=/dev/rfd0c bs=36b If you are using another operating system, you may have to adapt this to conform to local naming conventions for the floppy and options suitable for copying to a "raw" floppy image. The key issue is that the device name used for the floppy *must* be one that refers to the correct block device, not a partition or compatibility mode, and the copy command needs to be compatible with the requirement that writes to a raw device must be in multiples of 512-byte blocks. The variations are endless and beyond the scope of this document. If you're doing this on the system you intend to boot the floppy on, copying the floppy back to a file and doing a compare or checksum is a good way to verify that the floppy is readable and free of read/write errors. Note that, when installing, the boot floppy can be write-protected (i.e. read-only). Creating a bootable hard disk using SunOS, Solaris or other Un*x-like system: If you don't have a floppy drive you can copy the floppy installation image "floppy60.fs" or the miniroot "miniroot60.fs" onto the hard disk you intend to boot on. Traditionally, the way to do this is to use dd(1) to place the bootable filesystem image in the "swap" partition of the disk (while running in single user mode), and then booting from that partition. Using the "b" partition allows you to boot without overwriting any useful parts of the disk; you can also use another partition, but don't use the "a" or "c" partition without understanding the disk label issues described below under "incompatible systems". This requires that you be running SunOS, Solaris, OpenBSD, or NetBSD, which have a compatible view of SunOS disk labels and partitions. Use the dd(1) utility to copy the file to the hard drive. The command would likely be, under SunOS: dd if=floppy60.fs of=/dev/rsd0b bs=36b - or - dd if=miniroot60.fs of=/dev/rsd0b bs=36b and under Solaris: dd if=floppy60.fs of=/dev/rdsk/c0t0d0s1 bs=36b - or - dd if=miniroot60.fs of=/dev/rdsk/c0t0d0s1 bs=36b The blocksize is arbitrary as long as it's a multiple of 512 bytes and within the maximum supported by the driver, i.e. bs=126b may not work for all cases. Again, device/partition names may vary, depending on the OS involved. If you are preparing the hard drive on an incompatible system or don't care about the hard disk contents, you can also install the bootable image starting at the beginning of the disk. This lets you prepare a bootable hard-drive even if don't have a working operating system on your SPARC, but it is important to understand that the bootable image installed this way includes a "disk label" which can wipe out any pre-existing disk labels or partitioning for the drive. The floppy image is used only for booting, and can be placed in a partition that will be overwritten during the install process, since it actually runs off a ram-disk image in the kernel. In contrast the miniroot is a normal unix root filesystem and you must place it in a partition that WILL NOT BE OVERWRITTEN until you've completed the installation process. To copy the floppy image to the whole disk, overwriting labels: Under SunOS: dd if=floppy60.fs of=/dev/rsdXc bs=36b and under Solaris: dd if=floppy60.fs of=/dev/rdsk/c0tXd0s2 bs=36b Two notes - X should be replaced by the unit number of the target disk, which is most likely *not* the disk/partition that's your current root partition. Again names may vary depending on the OS involved. Second, after doing this, the disklabel will be one that would be appropriate for a floppy, i.e. one partition of 2880 blocks, and you'll probably want to change that later on. To copy the floppy image to the hard disk, preserving SunOS, Solaris, NetBSD or OpenBSD labels: Under SunOS: dd if=floppy60.fs of=/dev/rsdXc bs=1b skip=1 seek=1 and Solaris: dd if=floppy60.fs of=/dev/rdsk/c0tXd0s2 \ bs=1b skip=1 seek=1 You need to be sure that your version of dd(1) supports the skip and seek operands, otherwise you can try a technique like: dd if=/dev/rsdXc of=/tmp/label bs=1b count=1 dd if=floppy60.fs of=/dev/rsdXc bs=36b dd if=/tmp/label of=/dev/rsdXc bs=1b count=1 In either case, you've created a situation where the disk label and the filesystem information don't agree about the partition size and geometry, however the results will be usable. Creating a network bootable setup using SunOS or other Un*x-like system: The details of setting up a network bootable environment vary considerably, depending on the network's host. Extract the OpenBSD diskless(8) man page from the man60.tgz distribution set or see the copy on the OpenBSD web page. You will also need to reference the relevant man pages or administrators guide for the host system. Basically, you will need to set up reverse-arp (rarpd) and boot parameter (rpc.bootparamd) information and make the OpenBSD bootblock, kernel/miniroot partition, and a swap file available as required by the netboot setup. The steps necessary to prepare the distribution sets for installation depend on which method of installation you choose. Some methods require a bit of setup first that is explained below. The installation allows installing OpenBSD directly from HTTP mirror sites over the internet, however you must consider the speed and reliability of your internet connection for this option. It may save much time and frustration to download the distribution sets to a local server or disk and perform the installation from there, rather than directly from the internet. The variety of options listed may seem confusing, but situations vary widely in terms of what peripherals and what sort of network arrangements a user has, the intent is to provide some way that will be practical. If you are upgrading OpenBSD, you also have the option of installing OpenBSD by putting the new distribution sets somewhere in your existing file system, and using them from there. To do that, do the following: Place the distribution sets you wish to upgrade somewhere in your current file system tree. At a bare minimum, you must upgrade the "base" binary distribution, and so must put the "base60" set somewhere in your file system. It is recommended that you upgrade the other sets, as well. Preparing your System for OpenBSD Installation: ----------------------------------------------- Before you start you might need to consider your disk configuration to sort out a quirk in SCSI-ID to SD-UNIT mapping that exists on Sun SPARCstations. Upon leaving the factory, SunOS and the OpenBOOT ROM map according to this table: SCSI-ID -> SunOS SD-UNIT 0 sd3 1 sd1 2 sd2 3 sd0 4 sd4 5 sd5 6 sd6 Unlike SunOS and the OpenBOOT ROM, a generic OpenBSD kernel numbers SCSI drives sequentially as it finds them. The drive with the lowest SCSI-ID will be called sd0, the next one sd1, etc. This is mostly a non-issue if you have only one drive on your system, but can get confusing if you have multiple drives (unless you choose to use DUIDs to access partitions). If you plan to eliminate SunOS altogether it may be best to correct the SCSI-IDs of your drives, while if you plan to leave SunOS installed, it may be better to install OpenBSD on a drive with SCSI-ID 1 or 0. Older OpenBoot proms (versions 1.x) provide an environment variable, sd-targets, that controls the drive<->SCSI-ID mapping; you can change this to reflect the natural ordering or just set the boot related variables to boot from the correct drive, whatever the numbering. Its default-value is ``31204567'', which means unit 0 and 3 are exchanged. To revert to the ``normal'' behaviour, enter the following command: ok setenv sd-targets 01234567 Your OpenBOOT ROM may need some setup. If you are running OpenBSD on a sun4c, sun4e or sun4m system, the ROM must be set to "new" command mode. If your machine comes up and gives you a `>' prompt instead of `ok', type: > n ok setenv sunmon-compat? false ok This is needed because OpenBSD relies on the behaviour of the "new" command mode. OpenBSD will not boot correctly on sun4c, sun4e or sun4m systems that are not running in "new" command mode. The sun4 systems such as the 4/110, 4/200, and 4/300 system do not have a "new" command mode, and will work fine as-is. Also, you cannot use the security modes of the SPARC OpenBOOT ROM. Make sure that the ROM security modes are disabled: ok setenv security-mode none To disable automatic boot use the following command: ok setenv auto-boot? false and then to enable it later use: ok setenv auto-boot? true or on an installed system use the eeprom(8) command: # eeprom 'auto-boot?=true' Installing the OpenBSD System: ------------------------------ Installing OpenBSD is a relatively simple process. If you take your time and are careful to read the information presented by the installer, you shouldn't have any trouble. If the disks connected to your machine are SMD disks, it is recommended that you know their geometry, i.e. the sector size (note that sector sizes other than 512 bytes are not currently supported), the number of sectors per track, the number of tracks per cylinder (also known as the number of heads), and the number of cylinders on the disk. The OpenBSD kernel will try to discover these parameters on its own, and if it can it will print them at boot time. If possible, you should use the parameters it prints. (You might not be able to because you're sharing your disk with another operating system, or because your disk is old enough that the kernel can't figure out its geometry.) There are several ways to install OpenBSD onto a disk. The normal way is to use the OpenBSD CD-ROM, or the bootable CD-ROM mini image, or an installation floppy, depending on your hardware. Alternatively, if you already have an operating system installed and do not wish to change the existing partition layout, it is simpler to use the OpenBSD miniroot that can be booted off your local disk's swap partition. If your SPARC is hooked up to a network, try and find a server to arrange for a diskless setup. This is a convenient way to install on a machine whose disk does not currently hold a usable operating system. This is difficult to get set up correctly the first time, but easy to use afterwards. (See ``Installing using a diskless setup'' below.) Booting from the Installation Media: Prior to attempting an installation, you should make sure that everything of value on the target system has been backed up. While installing OpenBSD does not necessarily wipe out all the partitions on the hard disk, errors during the install process can have unforeseen consequences and you will probably render the system unbootable if you start, but do not complete the installation. Having the installation media for the prior installation, be it a SunOS or OpenBSD CD-ROM or OpenBSD install diskettes, is good insurance if you want to be able to "go back" for some reason. After taking care of all that, bring your system down gracefully using the shutdown(8) and/or halt(8) commands. This will get you to the monitor prompt. Sun PROM monitor commands and setup differ considerably depending on the system architecture and age; you may needed to reference the PROM monitor manual for your system for details. There are four main cases: sun4 (older servers, deskside workstations): prompt is a ">", boot command is "b", uses sd(c,s,p) syntax with s defined as scsi-unit*8+lun in hex OpenBoot Version 1 (newer servers, desktop workstations): prompt is "ok", boot command is "boot" uses sd(c,s,p) syntax with s defined as scsi-unit. OpenBoot Version 2 (newer servers, desktop workstations): prompt is "ok", boot command is "boot" uses diskn:p syntax. OpenBoot Version 2 (certain newer desktop workstations): prompt is "ok", boot command is "boot" uses diskn syntax unless booting from a non-standard partition, in which case: boot /sbus/esp/sd@t,0:p bsd (where "t" is the scsi target, and "p" is the partition. examples would be t="3" and p="b") If you expect your workstation to have an OpenBoot Prom but get a ">", enter the "n" command to enter the "new command mode". You can set this as the default by doing a "setenv sunmon-compat? false" command, followed by a "reset" command. Note that OpenBoot Proms also do the Sun SCSI-ID shuffle for disks; this is described elsewhere in some detail. For the purposes of this section, drive 0 refers to the internal or first SCSI drive, which usually has a SCSI-ID of 3. Booting from Floppy Disk installation media: ok boot fd()bsd # for version 1 OpenBOOT ROMs ok boot floppy bsd # for version 2 OpenBOOT ROMs This will cause the kernel contained in the floppy to be booted. Booting from CD-ROM installation media: > b sd(,30,0)6.0/sparc/bsd.rd # for Sun4 monitors* # (not working currently) ok boot sd(,6,0)6.0/sparc/bsd.rd # for version 1 OpenBOOT ROMs ok boot cdrom 6.0/sparc/bsd.rd # for version 2 OpenBOOT ROMs If the boot is successful, you will get a loader version message, executable sizes, and then the kernel copyright and device probe messages. Boot failure modes are typically a lot of CD-ROM drive activity, but no messages or complaints about magic numbers, checksums or formats. Not all sparc systems support bootable CD-ROM and the current boot image is only known to work on sun4c and sun4m architectures. If it does not work, you'll have to create a boot floppy or bootable hard disk using the instructions under preparing boot media. Note that older SPARC machines will not boot from CD-ROM drives unless the drive is set to use 512-byte blocks instead of the usual 2048-byte blocks. Sun-provided CD-ROM drives from that era are OK; some third-party drives have a dip-switch or jumper setting. Booting from SCSI disk (miniroot or floppy image): Boot the miniroot by typing the appropriate command at the PROM: > b sd(,,1)bsd # for sun4 monitors* ok boot sd(,,1)bsd # for version 1 OpenBOOT ROMs ok boot disk:b bsd # for version 2 OpenBOOT ROMs ok boot /sbus/esp/sd@3,0:b bsd # for version 2 OpenBOOT ROMs # that won't take disk:p syntax. If you've loaded the miniroot onto some other disk than the default drive 0, modify the boot specifier accordingly, keeping in mind the drive vs. SCSI-ID shuffling and partition a=0, b=1... > b sd(0,10,1)bsd # example - scsi target 2 on sun4 monitors* ok boot sd(0,3,1)bsd # example - scsi target 0 on v1 OpenBOOT ROM ok boot disk3:b bsd # example - scsi target 0 on v2 OpenBOOT ROM ok boot /sbus/esp/sd@0,0:b bsd # example - scsi target 0 on v2 # OpenBOOT ROM that won't take # disk:p syntax. (*) for sun4 this is scsi-target*8+scsi-lun (usually 0) expressed in hex... Installing using a diskless setup: First, you must set up a diskless client configuration on a server. If you are using an OpenBSD system as the boot-server, have a look at the diskless(8) manual page for guidelines on how to proceed with this. If the server runs another operating system, you'll have to consult documentation that came with it (on SunOS systems, add_client(8) and the Sun System/Networks administrators guide constitute a good start; on Solaris systems, share(1M) is a good starting point as well). Boot your workstation from the server by entering the appropriate `boot' command at the monitor prompt. Depending on the PROM version in your machine, this command takes one of the following forms: > b le()bsd.rd # for sun4 monitors ok boot le()bsd.rd # for version 1 OpenBOOT ROMs ok boot net bsd.rd # for version 2 OpenBOOT ROMs Installing using the Floppy, CD-ROM, miniroot or netboot procedure: You should now be ready to install OpenBSD. The following is a walk-through of the steps you will take while getting OpenBSD installed on your hard disk. The installation procedure is designed to gather as much information about your system setup as possible at the beginning, so that no human interaction is required as soon as the questions are over. The order of these questions might be quite disconcerting if you are used to other installation procedures, including older OpenBSD versions. If any question has a default answer, it will be displayed in brackets ("[]") after the question. If you wish to stop the installation, you may hit Control-C at any time, but if you do, you'll have to begin the installation process again from scratch. Using Control-Z to suspend the process may be a better option, or at any prompt enter `!' to get a shell, from which 'exit' will return you back to that prompt. Boot your machine from the installation media as described above. It will take a while to load the kernel especially from a floppy or slow network connection, most likely more than a minute. If some action doesn't eventually happen, or the spinning cursor has stopped and nothing further has happened, either your boot media is bad, your diskless setup isn't correct, or you may have a hardware or configuration problem. Once the kernel has loaded, you will be presented with the OpenBSD kernel boot messages which contain information about the hardware that was detected and supported by OpenBSD. After the kernel is done initialising, you will be asked whether you wish to do an "(I)nstall", "(U)pgrade" or an "(A)utoinstall". Enter 'I' for a fresh install or 'U' to upgrade an existing installation. Enter 'A' to start an unattended installation where all of your answers are supplied in a response file (more on that in "Preparing an unattended installation of OpenBSD"). If you are connected with a serial console, you will next be asked for your terminal type. You should choose the terminal type from amongst those listed. (If your terminal type is xterm, just use vt220). The first question you will be asked is the system hostname. Reply with the name of the system, without any domain part. You will now be given an opportunity to configure the network. The network configuration you enter (if any) can then be used to do the install from another system using HTTP, and will also be the configuration used by the system after the installation is complete. The install program will give you a list of network interfaces you can configure. For each network interface you select to configure, you will be asked for: - the symbolic host name to use (except for the first interface setup, which will reuse the host name entered at the beginning of the installation). - the IPv4 settings: address and netmask. If the IP address should be obtained from a DHCP server, simply enter ``dhcp'' when asked for the address. - the IPv6 settings (address, prefix length, and default router). You may enter ``rtsol'' when asked for the address for the interface to configure automatically via router solicitation messages. After all interfaces have been configured, if there have been any IPv4 interfaces setup, you will be asked for the IPv4 default route. This step is skipped if you only have one IPv4 interface setup, and it is configured with DHCP. The install program will also ask you for your DNS domain name, and the domain name servers, unless this information has already been obtained from a DHCP server during interface setup. You will then be asked to enter the initial root password of the system, twice. Although the install program will only check that the two passwords match, you should make sure to use a strong password. As a minimum, the password should be at least eight characters long and a mixture of both lower and uppercase letters, numbers and punctuation characters. You will then be asked whether you want to start sshd(8) by default. Since the X Window System can run on OpenBSD/sparc without the need for a configuration file, you will get asked whether you want to start xdm on boot. You will now be given the possibility to setup a user account on the forthcoming system. This user will be added to the `wheel' group. Enter the desired login name, or `n' if you do not want to add a user account at this point. Valid login names are sequences of digits and lowercase letters, and must start with a lowercase letter. If the login name matches this criteria, and doesn't conflict with any of the administrative user accounts (such as `root', `daemon' or `ftp'), you will be prompted with the users descriptive name, as well as its password, twice. As for the root password earlier, the install program will only check that the two passwords match, but you should make sure to use a strong password here as well. If you have chosen to setup a user account, and you had chosen to start sshd(8) on boot, you will be asked if you want to allow sshd(8) logins as root. The installation program will now tell you which disks it can install on, and ask you which it should use. Reply with the name of your root disk. The file system layout is stored in the OpenBSD disk label. Each file system is stored in its own ``disk label partition'', which is a subdivision of the OpenBSD disk partition you created. In the text below ``partition'' refers to these subdivisions. You will be shown a default layout with the recommended file systems. This default layout is based on the disk size. You will be given the choice of accepting the proposed layout, editing it, or creating your own custom layout. These last two choices will invoke the disklabel(8) interactive editor, allowing you to create your desired layout. Within the editor, you will see at least a 'c' partition of fstype 'unused'. This represents the whole disk and cannot be modified. You must create partition 'a' as a native OpenBSD partition, i.e. one with "4.2BSD" as the fstype, to hold the root file system. In addition to partition 'a' you should create partition 'b' with fstype "swap", and native OpenBSD partitions to hold separate file systems such as /usr, /tmp, /var, and /home. You will need to provide a mount point for all partitions you define. Partitions without mount points, or not of the 4.2BSD fstype, will neither be formatted nor mounted during the installation. For quick help while in the interactive editor, enter '?'. The `z' command (which deletes all partitions and starts with a clean label), the `A' command (which performs the automatic partition layout) and the `n' command (to change mount points) are of particular interest. Although the partitions position and size are written in exact sector values, you do not need a calculator to create your partitions! Human-friendly units can be specified by adding `k', `m' or `g' after any numbers to have them converted to kilobytes, megabytes or gigabytes. Or you may specify a percentage of the disk size using `%' as the suffix. Enter 'M' to view the entire manual page (see the info on the ``-E'' flag). To exit the editor enter 'q'. After the layout has been saved, new filesystems will be created on all partitions with mount points. This will DESTROY ALL EXISTING DATA on those partitions. After configuring your root disk, the installer will return to the list of available disks to configure. You can choose the other disks to use with OpenBSD in any order, and will get to setup their layout similarly to the root disk above. However, for non-root disks, you will not be proposed a default partition layout. When all your disks are configured, simply hit return at the disk prompt. After these preparatory steps have been completed, you will be able to extract the distribution sets onto your system. There are several install methods supported: HTTP, CD-ROM, or a local disk partition. To install via HTTP: To begin an HTTP install you will need the following pieces of information: 1) Proxy server URL if you are using a URL-based HTTP proxy (squid, CERN FTP, Apache 1.2 or higher). You need to define a proxy if you are behind a firewall that blocks outgoing HTTP connections (assuming you have a proxy available to use). 2) The IP address (or hostname if you configured DNS servers earlier in the install) of an HTTP server carrying the OpenBSD 6.0 distribution. The installation program will try to fetch a list of such servers; depending on your network settings, this might fail. If the list could be fetched, it will be displayed, and you can choose an entry from the list (the first entries are expected to be the closest mirrors to your location). 3) The directory holding the distribution sets. Then refer to the section named "installation set selection" below. To install from CD-ROM: When installing from a CD-ROM, you will be asked which device holds the distribution sets. This will typically be "cd0". If there is more than one partition on the CD-ROM, you will be asked which partition the distribution is to be loaded from. This is normally partition "a". You will also have to provide the relative path to the directory on the CD-ROM which holds the distribution, for the sparc this is "6.0/sparc". Then refer to the section named "installation set selection" below. To install from a local disk partition: When installing from a local disk partition, you will first have to identify which disk holds the distribution sets. This is normally "xdN", "xyN" or "sdN", where N is a number. Next you will have to identify the partition within that disk that holds the distribution; this is a single letter between 'a' and 'p'. You will also have to identify the type of file system residing in the partition identified. Currently, you can only install from partitions that have been formatted as the Berkeley fast file system (ffs). You will also have to provide the relative path to the directory on the file system where the distribution sets are located. Note that this path should not be prefixed with a '/'. Then refer to the next section. Installation set selection: A list of available distribution sets found on the given location will be listed. You may individually select distribution sets to install, by entering their name, or wildcards (e.g. `*.tgz' or `base*|comp*', or `all' to select all the sets (which is what most users will want to do). You may also enter `abort' to deselect everything and restart the selection from scratch, or unselect sets by entering their name prefixed with `-' (e.g. `-x*'). It is also possible to enter an arbitrary filename and have it treated as a file set. When you are done selecting distribution sets, enter `done'. The files will begin to extract. After the files have been extracted, you will be given the choice to select a new location from which to install distribution sets. If there have been errors extracting the sets from the previous location, or if some sets have been missing, this allows you to select a better source. Also, if the installation program complains that the distribution sets you have been using do not match their recorded checksums, you might want to check your installation source (although this can happen between releases, if a snapshot is being updated on a mirror server with newer files while you are installing). The last thing you'll need to configure is the time zone your system will be using. For this to work properly, it is expected that you have installed at least the "base60" and "bsd" distribution sets. The installation program will then proceed to save the system configuration, create all the device nodes needed by the installed system, and will install bootblocks on the root disk. Finally, you will be asked whether you would like to install non-free firmware files (which can't be tightly integrated to the OpenBSD system) on first boot, by invoking fw_update(8) on the next boot. After completing an installation: Now try a reboot. (If needed, swap your SCSI IDs first.) The Sun monitor normally tries to load a file called "vmunix". On OpenBOOT ROM systems you can change it to load OpenBSD instead using the following commands: On version 1 OpenBOOT ROMs: >n ok setenv boot-from sd(0,0,0)bsd ok On version 2 OpenBOOT ROMs: ok setenv boot-file bsd ok setenv boot-device /sbus/esp/sd@0,0 On sun4 systems, you may not need to specify the boot file, as the OpenBSD boot blocks will look for "bsd" on the boot device by default. Congratulations, you have successfully installed OpenBSD 6.0. When you reboot into OpenBSD, you should log in as "root" at the login prompt. You should create yourself an account and protect it and the "root" account with good passwords. The install program leaves root an initial mail message. We recommend you read it, as it contains answers to basic questions you might have about OpenBSD, such as configuring your system, installing packages, getting more information about OpenBSD, sending in your dmesg output and more. To do this, run mail and then just enter "more 1" to get the first message. You quit mail by entering "q". Some of the files in the OpenBSD 6.0 distribution might need to be tailored for your site. We recommend you run: man afterboot which will tell you about a bunch of the files needing to be reviewed. If you are unfamiliar with UN*X-like system administration, it's recommended that you buy a book that discusses it. Net Boot or Diskless Setup Information: The set up is similar to SunOS diskless setup, but not identical, because the Sun setup assumes that the bootblocks load a kernel image, which then uses NFS to access the exported root partition, while the OpenBSD bootblocks use internal NFS routines to load the kernel image directly from the exported root partition. Please understand that no one gets this right the first try, since there is a lot of setup and all the host daemons must be running and configured correctly. If you have problems, extract the diskless(8) manpage, find someone who's been through it before and use the host syslog and tcpdump(8) to get visibility of what's happening (or not). Your SPARCstation expects to be able to download a second stage bootstrap program via TFTP after having acquired its IP address through RevARP when instructed to boot "over the net". It will look for a filename composed of the machine's IP address followed by the machine's architecture, separated by a period. For example, a sun4c machine which has been assigned IP address 130.115.144.11, will make a TFTP request for `8273900B.SUN4C'. Normally, this file is a symbolic link to an appropriate second-stage boot program, which should be located in a place where the TFTP daemon can find it (remember, many TFTP daemons run in a chroot'ed environment). As an exception to the above rule, sun4e systems make a request for `/tftpboot/IP_IN_HEX.SUN4E', i.e. the TFTP filename is in a subdirectory. You can find the boot program as `boot.net' in the OpenBSD/sparc distribution. Unfortunately, many, if not all, sun4e PROM have a bug and fail to load a file which size is a multiple of 512 bytes. If you are trying to netboot a sun4e system, simply append some bytes to the file, like this: dd if=/dev/zero bs=32 count=1 >> boot.net After the boot program has been loaded into memory and given control by the PROM, it starts locating the machine's remote root directory through the BOOTPARAM protocol. First a BOOTPARAM WHOAMI request is broadcast on the local net. The answer to this request (if it comes in) contains the client's name. This name is used in the next step, a BOOTPARAM GETFILE request -- sent to the server that responded to the WHOAMI request -- requesting the name and address of the machine that will serve the client's root directory, as well as the path of the client's root on that server. Finally, this information (if it comes in) is used to issue a REMOTE MOUNT request to the client's root filesystem server, asking for an NFS file handle corresponding to the root filesystem. If successful, the boot program starts reading from the remote root filesystem in search of the kernel which is then read into memory. You will want export the miniroot60.fs filesystem to the client. You can dd this filesystem image to some spare partition, mount and export that partition, or use tar to copy the contents to a more convenient spot. Alternatively you can build a bootable partition from the distribution sets as follows: Unpack `base60.tgz' on the server in the root directory for your target machine. If you elect to use a separately NFS-mounted filesystem for `/usr' with your diskless setup, make sure the "./usr" base files in base60.tgz end up in the correct location. One way to do this is to temporarily use a loopback mount on the server, re-routing /usr to your server's exported OpenBSD "/usr" directory. Also put the kernel and the install/upgrade scripts into the root directory. A few configuration files need to be edited: /etc/hosts Add the IP addresses of both server and client. /etc/myname This files contains the client's hostname; use the same name as in /etc/hosts. /etc/fstab Enter the entries for the remotely mounted filesystems. For example: server:/export/root/client / nfs rw 0 0 server:/export/exec/sun4.OpenBSD /usr nfs rw 0 0 Now you must populate the `/dev' directory for your client. If the server does not run OpenBSD you might save the MAKEDEV output: eo=echo ksh MAKEDEV all > all.sh and then tailor it for your server operating system before running it. Note that MAKEDEV is written specifically for ksh, and may not work on any other Bourne shell. There will be error messages about unknown users and groups. These errors are inconsequential for the purpose of installing OpenBSD. However, you may want to correct them if you plan to use the diskless setup regularly. In that case, you may re-run MAKEDEV on your OpenBSD machine once it has booted. Preparing an unattended installation of OpenBSD: ------------------------------------------------ If '(A)utoinstall' is choosen at the install prompt or if the installation system detects that it booted from the network, and isn't interrupted within 5 seconds, it attempts a fully-automatic installation. The installer runs dhclient(8) on the network interface the system booted from, or in case of multiple interfaces it will ask which one to use. Upon success it retrieves a response file via HTTP. If that fails, the installer asks for the response file location which can be either an url or a local path and retrieves the response file from there. The "next-server" DHCP option specifies the hostname part of the URL, as in "http:///install.conf". The "filename" DHCP parameter specifies the installer mode, e.g. "auto_install". On architectures where this parameter is used for netbooting, create a symbolic link named "auto_install" pointing to the boot program. The response file contains lines with key/value pairs separated by an equals sign '=', where the key is a non-ambiguous part (up to the question mark) of the installer question, consisting of whitespace separated words. The value is what would have been entered at the interactive prompt. Empty lines and lines beginning with a '#' character are ignored. The installer uses default answers in case of missing answers. Here is a response file example that uses a hashed password (see encrypt(1) for more details) for root and a public ssh key for the user that is created during the installation. System hostname = openbsd Password for root = $2a$14$Z4xRMg8vDpgYH...GVot3ySoj8yby Setup a user = puffy Password for user = ************* Public ssh key for user = ssh-ed25519 AAAAC3NzaC1...g3Aqre puffy@ai What timezone are you in = Europe/Stockholm Location of sets = http HTTP Server = ftp.eu.openbsd.org The "System hostname" key above matches the following full question asked during an interactive installation: System hostname? (short form, e.g. 'foo') While the installation is in progress the installer writes all output to the file /ai.log, which is available as mail on the freshly installed system after the initial reboot. If the installation is successful the system will reboot automatically; otherwise, you will be dropped back into the shell where you can look at the /ai.log file or try again. Upgrading a previously-installed OpenBSD System: ------------------------------------------------ Warning! Upgrades to OpenBSD 6.0 are currently only supported from the immediately previous release. The upgrade process will also work with older releases, but might not execute some migration tasks that would be necessary for a proper upgrade. The best solution, whenever possible, is to backup your data and reinstall from scratch. As a minimum, if the toolchain (the ``comp'' set) was installed, you should remove all files within /usr/include before attempting to upgrade. To upgrade OpenBSD 6.0 from a previous version, start with the general instructions in the section "Installing OpenBSD". Boot from the CD-ROM, bsd.rd, the miniroot, or the installation floppy. When prompted, select the (U)pgrade option rather than the (I)nstall option at the prompt in the install process. You will be presented with a welcome message, and depending on how you are connected to the system, you will be asked to set the terminal type or to choose a keyboard layout. The upgrade script will ask you for the existing root partition, and will use the existing filesystems defined in /etc/fstab to install the new system in. It will also use your existing network parameters. From then, the upgrade procedure is very close to the installation procedure described earlier in this document. However, it is strongly advised that you unpack the etc.tgz and the xetc.tgz files found in /var/sysmerge in a temporary directory and merge changes by hand, or with the help of the sysmerge(8) helper script, since all components of your system may not function correctly until your files in `/etc' are updated. Getting source code for your OpenBSD System: -------------------------------------------- Now that your OpenBSD system is up and running, you probably want to get access to source code so that you can recompile pieces of the system. A few methods are provided. If you have an OpenBSD CD-ROM, the source code is provided. Otherwise, you can get the pieces over the Internet using anonymous CVS, CVSync, FTP or HTTP. For more information, see http://www.OpenBSD.org/anoncvs.html http://www.OpenBSD.org/cvsync.html http://www.OpenBSD.org/ftp.html Using online OpenBSD documentation: ----------------------------------- Documentation is available if you first install the manual pages distribution set. Traditionally, the UN*X "man pages" (documentation) are denoted by 'name(section)'. Some examples of this are intro(1), man(1), apropos(1), passwd(1), passwd(5) and afterboot(8). The section numbers group the topics into several categories, but three are of primary interest: user commands are in section 1, file formats are in section 5, and administrative information is in section 8. The 'man' command is used to view the documentation on a topic, and is started by entering 'man [section] topic'. The brackets [] around the section should not be entered, but rather indicate that the section is optional. If you don't ask for a particular section, the topic with the least-numbered section name will be displayed. For instance, after logging in, enter man passwd to read the documentation for passwd(1). To view the documentation for passwd(5), enter man 5 passwd instead. If you are unsure of what man page you are looking for, enter apropos subject-word where "subject-word" is your topic of interest; a list of possibly related man pages will be displayed. Adding third party software; ``packages'' and ``ports'': -------------------------------------------------------- As complete as your OpenBSD system is, you may want to add any of several excellent third party software applications. There are several ways to do this. You can: 1) Use the OpenBSD ``package'' collection to grab a pre-compiled and tested version of the application for your hardware. 2) Use the OpenBSD ``ports'' collection to automatically get any needed source file, apply any required patches, create the application, and install it for you. 3) Obtain the source code and build the application based upon whatever installation procedures are provided with the application. If you purchased the OpenBSD CD-ROM set you already have a few popular ``packages'', and the ``ports'' collection. Instructions for installing applications from the various sources using the different installation methods follow. You should also refer to the packages(7) manual page. Installing applications from the CD-ROM package collection: The OpenBSD CD-ROM ships with the most commonly installed third-party applications pre-built for various hardware architectures. Limited disk space on the CD-ROM unfortunately limits the number of such packages. Check the directory 6.0/packages/sparc to see which packages are available for your hardware architecture. That directory will be on the same CD-ROM containing the OS installation files for your architecture. To install one or more of these packages you must: 1) become the superuser (root). 2) mount the appropriate CD-ROM. 3) use the ``pkg_add'' command to install the software. Example (in which we use su(1) to get superuser privileges, thus you have to be in group "wheel", see the manual page for su(1)). $ su Password: # mkdir -p /cdrom # mount /dev/cd0a /cdrom # pkg_add /cdrom/6.0/packages/sparc/ # # umount /cdrom Package names are usually the application name and version with .tgz appended, e.g. bzip2-1.0.6p0.tgz Installing applications from the ftp.OpenBSD.org package collection: All available packages for your architecture have been placed on ftp.OpenBSD.org in the directory pub/OpenBSD/6.0/packages/sparc/ You may want to peruse this to see what packages are available. The packages are also on the OpenBSD mirror sites. See http://www.OpenBSD.org/ftp.html for a list of current mirror sites. Installation of a package is very easy. 1) become the superuser (root) 2) use the ``pkg_add'' command to install the software ``pkg_add'' is smart enough to know how to download the software from the OpenBSD HTTP server. Example: $ su Password: # pkg_add \ http://ftp.OpenBSD.org/pub/OpenBSD/6.0/packages/sparc/emacs-21.4p32.tgz Installing applications from the CD-ROM ports collection: The CD-ROM ``ports'' collection is a set of Makefiles, patches, and other files used to control the building and installation of an application from source files. Creating an application from sources can require a lot of disk space, sometimes 50 megabytes or more. The first step is to determine which of your disks has enough room. Once you've made this determination, read the file PORTS located on the CD-ROM which contains the ports tree. To build an application you must: 1) become the superuser (root) 2) have network access, or obtain the actual source files by some other means. 3) cd to the ports directory containing the port you wish to build. To build samba, for example, where you'd previously copied the ports files into the /usr/ports directory: cd /usr/ports/net/samba 4) make 5) make install 6) make clean Installing applications from the OpenBSD ports collection: See http://www.OpenBSD.org/faq/ports/ports.html for current instructions on obtaining and installing OpenBSD ports. You should also refer to the ports(7) manual page. Installing other applications: If an OpenBSD package or port does not exist for an application you're pretty much on your own. The first thing to do is ask if anyone is working on a port -- there may be one in progress. If no such port exists, you might want to look at the FreeBSD ports or NetBSD pkgsrc for inspiration. If you can't find an existing port, try to make your own and feed it back to OpenBSD. That's how our ports collection grows. Some details can be found in the OpenBSD Porter's Handbook at http://www.openbsd.org/faq/ports/ with more help coming from the mailing list, . Administrivia: -------------- There are various mailing lists available via the mailing list server at . To get help on using the mailing list server, send mail to that address with an empty body, and it will reply with instructions. More information about the various OpenBSD mailing list and proper netiquette is available at http://www.OpenBSD.org/mail.html To report bugs, use the 'sendbug' command shipped with OpenBSD, and fill in as much information about the problem as you can. Good bug reports include lots of details. Additionally, bug reports can be sent by mail to: bugs@OpenBSD.org As a favor, please avoid mailing huge documents or files to the mailing lists. Instead, put the material you would have sent on a web server, then mail the appropriate list about it, or if you'd rather not do that, mail the list saying you'll send the data to those who want it. For more information about reporting bugs, see http://www.OpenBSD.org/report.html